Effects of In Ovo Injection of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Hatchability, Growth Performance, Intestine Morphology and Avian Β-Defensin Gene Expression in the Cecal Tonsils of Broiler Chicks

Alipour M, Navidshad B, Adib Moradi M & Seyed Sharifi R. 2010. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on performance and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens. Research on Animal Production (Scientific and Research), 1: 22-36.

Almamury A, Hassanabadi A, Zerehdaran S & Nassiri-Moghaddam H. 2022. Supplementing a herbal product (NBS Superfood) in broiler diets varying in energy and protein levels: effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response and blood metabolites. Poultry Science Journal, 10: 59-70. DOI: 10.22069/psj.2022.19535.1734

Amer SA, Beheiry RR, Abdel Fattah DM, Roushdy EM, Hassan FA, Ismail TA, Zaitoun NM, Abo-Elmaaty AM & Metwally AE. 2021. Effects of different feeding regimens with protease supplementation on growth, amino acid digestibility, economic efficiency, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology in broiler chickens. BMC Veterinary Research, 17: 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02946-2

Asare E, Yang Z, Yang H & Wang Z. 2022. Evaluation of dietary Pancreatin as an exogenous enzyme on growth performance, gene expression, immunological responses, serum immunoglobins, and intestinal morphology in cockerels. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 50: 61-68. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.201904

Azadegan mehr M, Hassanabadi A, Mirghelenj SA & Kermanshasi H. 2014. Effect of in ovo injection of conjugated linoleic acid on immune status and blood biochemical factors of broilers chickens. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 12: 455–461. DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2014122-4901

Badinga L, Selberg KT, Dinges AC, Comer CW & Miles RD. 2003. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters hepatic lipid content and fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 82: 111–116. DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.1.111

Bommineni YR, Dai H, Gong YX, Soulages JL, Fernando SC, DeSilva U, Prakash O & Zhang G. 2007. Fowlicidin‐3 is an α‐helical cationic host defense peptide with potent antibacterial and lipopolysaccharide‐neutralizing activities. The FEBS Journal, 274: 418-428. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05589.x

Choi YH. 2009. Conjugated linoleic acid as a key regulator of performance, lipid metabolism, development, stress and immune functions, and gene expression in chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 22: 448-458. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2009.r.04  

Du M & Ahn DU. 2002. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth rate of live birds and on the abdominal fat content and quality of broiler meat. Poultry science, 81: 428-433. DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.3.428  

Du M, Ahn DU, Nam KC & Sell JL. 2001. Volatile profiles and lipid oxidation of irradiated raw chicken meat patties from laying hens fed with diets containing conjugated linoleic acid. Poultry Science, 80: 235–241. DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.2.235

Fazli N, Hassanabadi A, Mottaghitalab M & Hajati H. 2015. Manipulation of broiler chickens sex differentiation by in ovo injection of aromatase inhibitors, and garlic and tomato extracts. Poultry science, 94: 2778-2783. DOI: 0.3382/ps/pev236

Fu C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wei X, Yan P, Shi T & Liu X. 2021. Supplementing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in breeder hens diet increased CLA incorporation in liver and alters hepatic lipid metabolism in chick offspring. British Journal of Nutrition, 2021: 1-41. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521000763

Fu C, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Wei X, Shi T, Yan P & Liu X. 2020. Maternal conjugated linoleic acid alters hepatic lipid metabolism via the AMPK signaling pathway in chick embryos. Poultry Science, 99: 224-234. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez462

Ganz T. 2003. Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nature, 3: 710–720. DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2003.12.007

Guo M, Liu D, Chen X, Wu Y, & Zhang X. 2022. Pathogenicity and innate response to Avibacterium paragallinarum in chickens. Poultry Science, 101: 101523. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101523

Higgs R, Lynn DJ, Gaines S, McMahon J, Tierney J, James T, Lloyd AT, Mulcahy G & O’Farrelly C. 2005. The synthetic form of a novel chicken β-defensin identified in silico is predominantly active against intestinal pathogens. Immunogenetics, 57: 90-98. DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0777-3

Jiang W, Nie S, Qu Z, Bi C, Shan A. 2014. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid composition of broilers fed corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Poultry Science, 93: 1202-1210. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03683

Kakhki RA, Bakhshalinejad R, Hassanabadi A & Ferket P. 2017. Effects of dietary organic zinc and α-tocopheryl acetate supplements on growth performance, meat quality, tissues minerals, and α-tocopherol deposition in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 96: 1257-1267. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew386

Kumari S, Yong Meng G & Ebrahimi M. 2017. Conjugated linoleic acid as functional food in poultry products: A review. International Journal of Food Properties, 20: 491-506. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1168835

Leão AP, Alvarenga RR & Zangeronimo MG. 2021. In ovo inoculation of probiotics for broiler chickens: systematic review and meta-analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 280:115080. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115080

Lynn DJ, Higgs R, Gaines S, Tierney J, James T, Lloyd AT, Fares MA, Mulcahy G & O’Farrelly C. 2004. Bioinformatic discovery and initial characterisation of nine novel antimicrobial peptide genes in the chicken. Immunogenetics, 56: 170-177. DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0675-0

 Lynn DJ, Higgs R, Lloyd AT, O'Farrelly C, Hervé-Grépinet V, Nys Y, Brinkman FS, Yu PL, Soulier A, Kaiser P & Zhang G. 2007. Avian beta-defensin nomenclature: a community proposed update. Immunology letters, 110: 86-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.03.007

Martin D, Muriel E, Gonzalez E, Viguera J & Ruiz J. 2008. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids on productive, carcass and meat quality traits of pigs. Livestock Science, 117: 155–164. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.005

 Menendez A & Finlay BB. 2007. Defensins in the immunology of bacterial infections. Current Opinion in Immunology, 19: 385-391. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.06.008

Milona P, Townes CL, Bevan RM & Hall J. 2007. The chicken host peptides, gallinacins 4, 7, and 9 have antimicrobial activity against Salmonella serovars. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 356: 169-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.098

Moran Jr ET. 2007. Nutrition of the developing embryo and hatchling. Poultry science, 86: 1043-1049. DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.5.1043

 Muma E, Palander S, Näsi M, Pfeiffer AM, Keller T & Griinari JM. 2006. Modulation of conjugated linoleic acid-induced loss of chicken egg hatchability by dietary soybean oil. Poultry Science, 85: 712-720. DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.4.712

Rodríguez-Lecompte JC, Yitbarek A, Brady J, Sharif S, Cavanagh MD, Crow G, Guenter W, House JD & Camelo-Jaimes G. 2012. The effect of microbial-nutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks after early probiotic and organic acid administration. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 2246-2254. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4184

Sahl HG, Pag U, Bonness S, Wagner S, Antcheva N & Tossi A. 2005. Mammalian defensins: structures and mechanism of antibiotic activity. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 77: 466-475. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804452

SAS (Statistical Analyses System). 2012. SAS/STAT Software, Version 9.4. Cary (NC): SAS Institute Inc.

Schlee M, Harder J, Köten B, Stange EF, Wehkamp J & Fellermann K. 2008. Probiotic lactobacilli and VSL# 3 induce enterocyte β-defensin 2. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 151: 528-535. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03587.x

Sirri F, Tallarico N, Meluzzi A & Franchini A. 2003. Fatty acid composition and productive traits of broiler fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid. Poultry Science, 82: 1356–1361.  DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.8.1356

Stangl GI. 2000. High dietary levels of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture alter hepatic glycerophospholipid class profile and cholesterol-carrying serum lipoproteins of rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11: 184-191. DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00063-2

Subedi K, Isobe N, Nishibori M & Yoshimura Y. 2007. Changes in the expression of gallinacins, antimicrobial peptides, in ovarian follicles during follicular growth and in response to lipopolysaccharide in laying hens (Gallus domesticus). Reproduction, 133: 127-133. DOI: 10.1530/REP-06-0083

Sugiarto H & Yu PL. 2004. Avian antimicrobial peptides: the defense role of β-defensins. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 323:721-727. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.162

 Suksombat W, Boonmee T & Lounglawan P. 2007. Effects of various levels of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on fatty acid content and carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Science, 86: 318-324. DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.2.318

Takahashi K, Kawamata K, Akiba Y, Iwata T & Kasai M. 2002. Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on early inflammatory responses in male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 43: 47-53. DOI: 10.1080/00071660120109881

Tan J, Wan L, Chen X, Li X, Hao X, Li X, Li J & Ding H. 2019. Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates high fructose‐induced hyperuricemia and renal inflammation in rats via NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4 signaling pathway. Molecular nutrition & food research, 63: 1801402. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801402

Uni Z & Ferket PR. 2003. Enhancement of development of oviparous species by in ovo feeding patent 6, 592, 878. Notrh Caroline state University, Raleigh, NG.

van Dijk A, Veldhuizen EJ, Kalkhove SI, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven JL, Romijn RA & Haagsman HP. 2007. The β-defensin gallinacin-6 is expressed in the chicken digestive tract and has antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51: 912-922. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00568-06

Wang G, Kim WK, Cline MA & Gilbert ER. 2017. Factors affecting adipose tissue development in chickens: A review. Poultry Science, 96: 3687-3699. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex184

Yoshimura Y, Ohashi H, Subedi K, Nishibori M & Isobe N. 2006. Effects of age, egg-laying activity, and Salmonella-inoculation on the expressions of gallinacin mRNA in the vagina of the hen oviduct. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 52: 211-218.