Soil properties, labile pools of soil organic carbon and their variations under broadleaf and coniferous plantation in Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran

Alvarez, E., Fernandez Marcos, M.L., Torrado, V. and Fernandez Sanjurjo, M.J. 2008. Dynamics of macronutrients during first stage of litter decomposition from forest species in a temperate area (Galicia, NW Spain). Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 80(3), 243-256.

An, S., Mentler, A., Mayer, H. and Blum, W.E.H. 2010. Soil aggregation, aggregate stability, organic carbon and nitrogen in different soil aggregate fractions under forest and shrub vegetation on the Loess Plateau, China. Catena, 81, 226-233.

Ashton, M.S., Tyrrell, M.L. and Gentry, B. 2012. Managing forest carbon in a changing climate. Springer Science and business Media, New York. pp. 414.

Ball, B.C., Cheshire, M.V., Robertson, E.A.G. and Hunter, E.A. 1996. Carbohydrate composition in relation to structural stability, compatibility and plasticity of two soils in a long term experiment. Soil and Tillage Research, 139(3-4), 143-160.

Beheshti, A., Raiesia, F. and Golchin, A. 2012. Soil properties, C fractions and their dynamics in land use conversion from native forests to croplands in northern Iran. Agricultural Ecosystem Environment, 148, 121–133.

Benbi, D.K., Brar, K., Toor, A.S. and Singh, P. 2015. Total and labile pools of soil organic carbon in cultivated and undisturbed soils in northern India. Geoderma, 237, 149–158.

Binkley, D. and Giardina, C. 1998. Why do tree species affect soils? The warp and woof of tree-soil interactions. Biogeochemistry, 42, 89-106.

Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-total. pp: 595–624. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R., (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analyses. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2^nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

Carter, M.R. 2002.  Soil quality for sustainable land management: Organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions. Agronomy Journal, 94, 38–47.

Carter, M.R. and Gregorich, E.G. 1996. Methods to characterize and quantify organic matter storage in soil fractions and aggregates. p. 449-466. In: Carter, M.R. and Stewart (eds), Structure and soil organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Lewis Publishers. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.

Cerdà, A. 1998. Soil aggregate stability under different Mediterranean vegetation types. Catena, 32(2), 73–86.

Chen, CR., Xu, Z.H., Mathers, N.J., 2004. Soil carbon pools in adjacent natural and plantation forests of subtropical Australia. Soil Science Society American Journal, 68, 282–291.

Demessie, A., Sing, B.R., Lal, R. and Borresen, T. 2012. Effet of eucaliptus and coniferous plantations on soil properties in Gambo District, Sothern Ethiopia.  Acta Agriculturae  Scandinavica, Section B, 62(5), 455-466.

Diaz, E., Roldan, A., Lax, A. and Albaladejo, J. 1994. Formation of stable aggregates in degraded soil by amendment with urban refuse and peat. Geoderma, 63 (3–4), 277–288.

Don, A., Schumacher, J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Scholten, T. and Schulze, E.D. 2007.  Spatial and vertical variation of soil carbon at two grassland sites - Implications for measuring soil carbon stocks. Geoderma, 141, 272–282.

Ghani, A., Dexter, M. and Perrott, K. 2003. Hot-water extractable carbon in soils: a sensitive measurement for determining impacts of fertilization, grazing and cultivation. Soil Biological Biochemistry, 35(9), 1231–1243.

Golchin, A., and Asgari, H. 2008. Land use effects on soil quality indicators in north-eastern Iran. Soil Research, 46(1), 27–36.

Graft, F. and Frei, M. 2013. Soil aggregate stability related to soil density, root length and mycorrhiza using site specific Alnus incara and Melanogaster variegatus S.L. Ecological Engineering, 57, 314-323.

Golchin, A., Clarke, R., Oades, J.M., and Skjemstad, J.O. 1995. The effects of cultivation on the composition of organic matter and structural stability of soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 33, 975–993.

Gregorich, E.G., Beare, M.H., Stoklas, U. and St-Georges, P. 2003. Biodegradability of soluble organic matter in maize-cropped soils. Geoderma, 113, 237-252.

Grüneberg, E., Ziche, D. and Wellbrock, N. 2014. Organic carbon stocks and sequestration rates of forest soils in Germany. Global Change Biology, 1, 1-10.

Hamkalo, Z., Bedernichek, T. and others. 2014. Total, cold and hot water extractable organic carbon in soil profile: impact of land-use change. Zemdirbyste –Agriculture, 101(2), 125–132.

Hao, X., Ball, B.C., Culley, J.L.B., Carter, M.R. and Parkin, G.W. 2008. Soil density and porosity. pp: 743-759. In: Carter, M.R. and Gregorich, E.G., (Eds.). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

Harison, K.G., Broecker, W.S. and Bonani, G. 1993b. The effect of changing land use on soil radiocarbon. Science, 262, 725-726.

Haynes, R.J. and Beare, M.H. 1997. Influence of six crop species on aggregate stability and some labile organic matter fractions. Soil Biological Biochemistry, 29, 1647-1653.

Haynes, R.J. and Francis, G.S. 1993. Changes in microbial biomass C, soil carbohydrate composition and aggregate stability induced by growth of selected crop and forage species under field conditions. Eurpian Journal of Soil Scirnce, 44, 665-675.

Heuscher, S.A., Brandt, C.C. and Jardine, P.M. 2005. Using soil physical and chemical properties to estimate bulk density. Soil Science Society American Journal, 69, 51–56.

Jandl, R., Lindner, M., Vesterdal, L., Bauwens, B., Baritz, R., Hagedorn, F., Johnson, D.W., Minkkinen, K. and Byrne, K.A. 2007. How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration. Geoaderma, 137, 253-268.

Jiang, P.K. and Xu, Q.F. 2006. Abundance and dynamics of soil labile carbon pools under different types of forest vegetation. Pedosphere, 16(4), 505-511.

Jinenez, M.P., Horra, A.M., Pruzzo, L. and Palma R.M. 2002. Soil quality: a new index based on microbiological and biochemical parameter. Biol. Fert. Soils, 35, 302-306.

Jobbágy, E.G., and Jackson, R.B. 2000. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Application, 10, 423–436.

Joergensen, R.G., and Scheu, S., 1999. Depth gradients of microbial and chemical properties in moder soils under beech and spruce. Pedobiologia, 43, 134–144.

Johnson, D.W. and Curtis, P.S. 2001. Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: Meta-analysis. Forest Ecology Management, 140, 227–238.

Kara, O. and Baykara, M. 2014. Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability under different land use in the northern Turkey. Environment Monitoring Assessment, 186, 3801-3808.

Kavvadias, V.A., Alifragis, A., Tsiontsis, G., Brofas, G. and Stamatelos, G. 2001. Litterfall, litter accumulation and litter decomposition rates in four forest ecosystem in northern Greece. Forest Ecology Management, 144, 113-127.

Kell, D.B. 2012. Large scale sequestration of atmospheric carbon via plant roots in natural and agricultural ecosystems: why and how. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Section B.1, 1-10.

Kolar, L., Kuzel, S., Horacek, J., Cechova, V., Borova-Batt, J. and Peterka, J. 2009. Labile fraction of soil organic matter, their quantity and quality. Plant Soil Environment, 55, 245-251.

Kroetsch, D. and Wang, C. 2008. Particle size distribution. pp: 713-725. In: Carter, M.R. and Gregorich, E.G., (Eds.). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

Lal, R., Negassa, W. and Lorenz, K. 2015. Carbon sequestration in soil. Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 15, 79-86.

Liu, C.H. and Luo, R.Y. 1990. Chemical characteristics of humus in forest soils of Nanjing-Zhenjiang Hills. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (in Chinese) In: Jiang, P. K. and Xu, Q.F. 2006. Abundance and dynamics of soil labile carbon pools under different types of forest vegetation. Pedosphere, 16(4), 505-511.

Lorenz, K. and Lal, R. 2010. Carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Dordrecht, The Netherland: Springer Science and business Media, pp. 277.

Mandiola, M., Studdert, G.A., Dominguez, G.F. and Videla, C.C. 2011. Organic matter distribution in aggregate size of a mollisol under contrasting managements. Journal of Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 11(4), 41-57.

McLean, E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. pp: 199–224. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., Keeney, D.R., (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analyses., Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

Miller, J.J. and Curtin, D. 2008. Electrical Conductivity and Soluble Ions. pp: 161-171. In: Carter, M.R. and Gregorich, E.G., (Eds.). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. pp: 539–579. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R., (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis., Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2^nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. pp: 181–197. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R., (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties., 2^nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Panahi, P., Jamzad, Z., Pourmajidian, M.R., Fallah, A. and Pourhashemi, M. 2011. A revision of chestnut-leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.; Fagaceae) in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, 9(2), 145-158.

Parsakhoo, A., Lotfalian, M., Kavian, A. and Hosseini, S.A. 2014. Assessment of soil erodibility and aggregate stability for different parts of a forest road. Journal of Forest Research, 25(1), 193-200.

Pérez-CruzadO C, Mansilla-salinerO P, Odríguez-sOalleir and Merino, A. 2012. Influence of tree species on carbon sequestration in afforested pastures in a humid temperate region. Plant and Soil, 353, 333–353.

Perie, C. and Ouimet, R. 2008. Organic carbon, organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 88(3), 315-325.

Piccolo, A. 1996. Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems. Elsevier. Netherlands. pp.675.

pourbabaei, H. and Roostami, S.T. 2007. Study of plant species diversity in Loblolly Pine (P. Taeda L.) plantation in the Azizkian and Lakan areas, Rasht. Environmental Journal of Tehran University, 33(41), 85-96.

Ramesh, T., Manjaiah, K., Mohopatra, K., Rajasekar, K. and Ngachan, S. 2015. Assessment of soil organic carbon stocks and fractions under different agroforestry systems in subtropical hill agroecosystems of north-east India. Agroforest Syst., 89, 677-690.

Rasse, D.P., Li, J.H. and Drake, B.G. 2005. Seventeen years of elevated CO₂ exposure in a Chesapeake Bay wetland: Sustained but contrasting responses of plant growth and CO₂ uptake. Global Change Biology, 11, 369-377.

Reich, P.B., Oleksyn, J., Modrzynski, J., Mrozinski, P., Hobbie, S.E., Eissenstat, D.M., Chorover, J., Chadwick, O.A., Hale, C.M. and Tjoelker, M.G. 2005. Linking litter calcum, earthworms and soil properties: a common garden test with 14 tree species. Ecological Letter, 811-818.

Resh, S.C., Binkley, D. and Parrotta J.A. 2002. Greater soil carbon sequestration under Nitrogen-fixing trees compared with Eucalyptus species. Ecosystems, 5: 217–231.

Rezaei, S.A. and Gilkes, R.J. 2005. The effects of landscape attributes and plant community on soil chemical properties in rangelands. Geoderma, 125, 167–176.

Rilling, M C. and Mummey, D.L. 2006. Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol., 171, 41-53.

Rhoades, J. D. 1982a. Cation exchange capacity. pp: 149–157. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, R., (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis., Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties., 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison WI

Sagheb-Talebi, K., Sajedi, T. and Pourhashemi, M. 2014. Forests of Iran: A treasure from the past, a hope for future. Plant and Vegetation, Vol. 10, Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, pp. 152.

SAS Institute, Inc., 2002. Statistical Analysis Software Version 8.2 for Microsoft Windows. SAS Institute Inc. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.

Schoenholtz, S.H., Van Miegroet, H. and Burger, J.A. 2000. A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality: challenges and opportunities. Forest Ecological Managment, 138, 335-356.

Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S., and Denef, K. 2004. A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Tillage Res., 79, 7-31.

Six, J., Callewaert, P., Lenders, S., Gryze, S.D., Morris, S.J., Gregorich, E.G., Paul, E.A., Paustian, K., 2002a. Measuring and understanding carbon storage in afforested soils by physical fractionation. Soil Science Society American Journal, 66, 1981–1987.

Smolander, A. and Kitunen, V. 2002. Soil microbial activities and characteristics of dissolved organic C and N in relation to tree species. Soil Biological Biochemistry, 34, 651–660.

Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.

Theng, B.K.G., Ristori, G.G., Santi, C.A. and Percival, H.J. 1999. An improved method for determining the specific surface areas of topsoils with varied organic matter content, texture and clay mineral composition. Eurpian Journal of Soil Science, 50, 309-316.

Van Nevel, L., Mertens, J., Demey, A., De Schrijver, A., De Neve, S. and Verheyen, K. 2014. Can shrub species with higher litter quality mitigate soil acidification in pine and oak forests on poor sandy soils? Forest Ecology Management, 330, 38-45.

Vance, E.D., Brookes, P.C. and Jenkinson, D.S. 1987. Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: the use of the chloroform fumigation incubation method for strongly acid soils. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 19, 697–702.

Vesterdal,  L., Clarke, N., Sigurdsson, B.D. and Gundersen, P. 2013. Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests? Forest Ecology Management, 309, 4–18.

Wang, D., Niu, B.W. and X. 2014. Effects of natural forest types on soil carbon fraction in North-East China. Journal Of Tropical Forest Science, 26(3), 362–370.

Wang, Q., and Wang, S. 2007. Soil organic matter under different forest types in Southern China. Geoderma, 142(3), 349–356.

Wang, Q., and Wang, S. 2011. Response of labile soil organic matter to changes in forest vegetation in subtropical regions. Applied Soil Ecology, 47(3), 210–216.

Wu, J., Joergensen, R.G., Pommerening, B., Chaussod, R., and Brookes, P.C. 1990. Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation–extraction: an automated procedure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, 1167–1169.

Yimer, F., Ledin, S. and Abdelkadir, A. 2006. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks as affected by topographic aspect and vegetation in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Geoderma, 135, 335-344.

Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for soil management. 2^nd edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp. 320

Yousefi, M., Hajabbasi, M. and Shariatmadari, H. 2008. Cropping system effects on carbohydrate content and water-stable aggregates in a calcareous soil of Central Iran. Soil Tillage Research, 101, 57–61.