Evaluating the Effect of Two Types of Thyme Essential Oils (Zataria Multiflora & Ziziphora Clinopodioides Lam) on Some Productive Traits and Blood Parameters in Broilers

Abdel-Wareth AAA, Kehraus S, Hippenstiel F & Südekum KH. 2012. Effects of thyme and oregano on growth performance of broilers from 4 to 42 days of age and on microbial counts in crop, small intestine and caecum of 42-day-old broilers. Animal Feed Scienceand Technology, 178(3-4):198-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci. 2012.10. 006

Alirezaei M, Dezfoulian O, Kheradmand A, Neamati S, Khonsari A & Pirzadeh A. 2012. Hepatoprotective effects of purified oleuropein from olive leaf extract against ethanol-induced damages in the rat. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research (IJVR), 13: 218-226. DOI: 10.22099/ ijvr.2012.361

Al-Jaff FK. 2011. Effect of coriander seeds as diet ingredient on blood parameters of broiler chicks raised under high ambient temperature. International Journal of Poultry Science, 10: 82-86. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2011.82.86

Aloum L, Alefishat E, Adem A & Petroianu G. 2020. Ionone Is More than a Violet’s Fragrance: A Review. Molecules, 25: 5822. DOI: 10.3390/ molecules25245822

Baurhoo B, Letellier A, Zhao X & Ruiz-Feria CA. 2007. Cecal populations of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli populations after in vivo Escherichia coli challenge in birds fed diets with purified lignin or mannanoligosaccharides. Poultry Science, 86: 2509-2516. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00136.

Bedford M. 2000. Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets: implications and strategies to minimise subsequent problems. World's Poultry Science Journal, 56(4): 347-365. DOI: 10.1079/WPS20000024

Bento MHL, Ouwehand AC, Tiihonen K, Lahtinen S, Nurminen P, Saarinen MT, Schulze H, Mygind T & Fischer J. 2013. Essential oils and their use in animal feeds for monogastric animals--Effects on feed quality, gut microbiota, growth performance and food safety: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 58(9). DOI: 10.17221/7029-VETMED

Bolukbasi SC. 2008. The effect of feeding thyme, sage and rosemary oil on laying hen performance, cholesterol and some proteins ratio of egg yolk and Escherichia coli count in feces. Archives fur Geflugelkunde, 72: 231-237.  

Bozkurt M, Ege G, Aysul N, Akşit H, Tüzün AE, Küçükyılmaz K, Borum AE, Uygun M, Akşit D, Aypak S & Şimşek EMRAH. 2016. Effect of anticoccidial monensin with oregano essential oil on broilers experimentally challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. Poultry Science, 95:1858-1868. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew077.

Dehghani N, Afsharmanesh M, Salarmoini M, Ebrahimnejad H & Bitaraf A. 2018. Effect of pennyroyal, savory and thyme essential oils on Japanese quail physiology. Heliyon, 4:1-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2018.e00881

Dev K, Mir NA, Biswas A, Kannoujia J, Begum J, Kant R & Mandal A. 2020. Dietary synbiotic supplementation improves the growth performance, body antioxidant pool, serum biochemistry, meat quality, and lipid oxidative stability in broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition, 6: 325-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.03.002

Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N & Mnif W. 2016. Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines, 3: 1-16. DOI: 10.3390%2Fmedicines3040025

Durape NM. 2007. Phytochemicals improve semen quality and fertility. World Poultry, 23: 18-20. www.WorldPoultry.net

El-Ashram S & Abdelhafez GA. 2020. Effects of phytogenic supplementation on productive performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 29: 852-862. DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.07.005

El-Sayed SM & El-Sayed HS. 2020. Antimicrobial Nanoemulsion Formulation Based on Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oil for UF Labneh Preservation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 1029-1041. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt. 2020.12.073

Felici M, Tugnoli B, Ghiselli F, Massi P, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Piva A & Grilli E. 2020. In vitro anticoccidial activity of thymol, carvacrol, and saponins. Poultry Science, 99: 5350-5355. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.035

Fu JY, Maniam G, Wong FS, Tan DM, Meganathan P & Chuah LH. 2019. Tocotrienols: From Bench to Bedside. In Vitamin E, 12-31. DOI: 10.1039/9781788016216-00012

Galli GM, Gerbet RR, Griss LG, Fortuoso BF, Petrolli TG, Boiago MM, Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Mesadri J, Wagner R & da Rosa G. 2020. Combination of herbal components (curcumin, carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde) in broiler chicken feed: Impacts on response parameters, performance, fatty acid profiles, meat quality and control of coccidia and bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis, 139:103916. DOI: 10.1016/ j.micpath.2019.103916

Giannenas I, Bonos E, Filliousis G, Stylianaki I, Kumar P, Lazari D, Christaki E & Florou-Paneri P. 2019. Effect of a polyherbal or an arsenic-containing feed additive on growth performance of broiler chickens, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and lipid oxidation of breast and thigh meat. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 28: 164-175. DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy059

Hamid H, Zhao LH, Ma GY, Li WX, Shi HQ, Zhang JY, Ji C & Ma QG. 2019. Evaluation of the overall impact of antibiotics growth promoters on broiler health and productivity during the medication and withdrawal period. Poultry Science, 98: 3685-3694. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey598

Hao DC & Xiao PG. 2020. Pharmaceutical resource discovery from traditional medicinal plants: Pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogeno- mics. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 12: 104-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.03.002

Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A & Veldkamp T. 2013. Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 92: 2059-2069. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02685

Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J & Megias MD. 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poultry Science, 83: 169-174. DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.2.169

Hoffman-Pennesi D, Wu C. 2010. The effect of thymol and thyme oil feed supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and cecal Salmonella population in broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 19: 432-443. DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00141

Huang B, Wang N, Wang L, Jia Y, Liu B, Gao X, Liu B & Wang W. 2019. Vitamin E stimulates the expression of gonadotropin hormones in primary pituitary cells of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 509: 47-51. DOI: 10.1016/ j. aquaculture.2019.05.023

Isabel B & Santos Y. 2009. Effects of dietary organic acids and essential oils on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18: 472-476. DOI: 10.3382/japr.2008-00096

Jamroz D, Wertelecki T, Houszka M & Kamel C. 2006. Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 90: 255-268. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00603.x

Johny AK, Darre MJ, Donoghue AM, Donoghue DJ & Venkitanarayanan K. 2010. Antibacterial effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol on Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in chicken cecal contents in vitro. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 19: 237-244. DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00181

Kheiri F, Faghani M & Landy N. 2018. Evaluation of thyme and ajwain as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Animal Nutrition, 4: 79-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu. 2017.09.002

Kryl'skii ED, Popova TN, Safonova OA, Stolyarova AO, Razuvaev GA & de Carvalho MAP. 2019. Transcriptional regulation of antioxidant enzymes activity and modulation of oxidative stress by melatonin in rats under cerebral ischemia/reperfusion conditions. Neuroscience, 406: 653-666. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience. 2019.01.046

Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Frehner M, Losa R & Beynen AC. 2003. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44: 450-457. DOI: 10.1080/0007166031000085508

Lee GY & Han SN. 2018. The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients, 10: 1-18. DOI: 10.3390%2 Fnu10111614

Lewis ED, Meydani SN & Wu D. 2019. Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB life, 71: 487-494. DOI: 10.1002%2Fiub.1976

Majeed Y, Halabi N, Madani AY, Engelke R, Bhagwat AM, Abdesselem H, Agha MV, Vakayil M, Courjaret R, Goswami N & Hamidane HB. 2021. SIRT1 promotes lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes and coordinates adipogenesis by targeting key enzymatic pathways. Scientific Reports, 11: 1-19. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87759-x

Mathur S, Constable PD, Eppley RM, Waggoner AL, Tumbleson ME & Haschek WM. 2001. Fumonisin B₁ is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in milk-fed calves. Toxicological Sciences, 60: 385-396. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/60.2.385.

Mehdi Y, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gaucher ML, Chorfi Y, Suresh G, Rouissi T, Brar SK, Côté C, Ramirez AA & Godbout S. 2018. Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives. Animal Nutrition, 4: 170-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.002

Miles RD, Butcher GD, Henry PR & Littell RC. 2006. Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science, 85: 476-485. DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.3.476.

Mohd Mutalip SS, Ab-Rahim S & Rajikin MH. 2018. Vitamin E as an antioxidant in female reproductive health. Antioxidants, 7: 1-15. DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020022

Naderi G, Asgary S, Ani M, Sarrafzadegan N & Safary M. 2002. Study on the effect of some pure plant volatile oils on the affinity of native and oxidized LDL to its receptor on the adrenal cells. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1: 11-18. http://jmp.ir/article-1-817-en.html

Najafi P & Torki M. 2010. Performance, blood metabolites and immunocompetaence of broiler. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9: 1164-1168. DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.1164.1168

Nasr J, Kheiri F, Solati A, Hajibabaei A & Senemari M. 2011. The efficiency of energy and protein of broiler chickens fed on diets with different lysine concentrations. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62586

Nelson DL, Lehninger AL & Cox MM. 2011. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Macmillan X.

Orczyk M, Wojciechowski K & Brezesinski G. 2020. The influence of steroidal and triterpenoid saponins on monolayer models of the outer leaflets of human erythrocytes, E. coli and S. cerevisiae cell membranes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 563: 207-217. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.014

Oskoueian E & Dalir M. 2019. A review of the most widely used medicinal plant active compounds and their effects on growth, health and production parameters in the poultry industry. Veterinary Researches & Biological Products, 32: 2-12. DOI: 10.22092/vj.2019.124480.1537

Oso AO, Suganthi RU, Reddy GM, Malik PK, Thirumalaisamy G, Awachat VB, Selvaraju S, Arangasamy A & Bhatta R. 2019. Effect of dietary supplementation with phytogenic blend on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98: 4755-4766. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez191

Paul RC, Ahmad N, Moinuddin MA & Hasan N. 2010. Effects of administration of multivitamins and enzymes for broilers either singly or in combination on body weight and haemato-biochemical parameters. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 8: 39-44. DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v8i1.6396

Paultre K, Cade W, Hernandez D, Reynolds J, Greif D & Best T. 2021. Therapeutic effects of turmeric or curcumin extract on pain and function for individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 7: 1-12. DOI: 10.1136%2Fbmjsem-2020-000935

Placer ZA, Cushman LL & Johnson BC. 1996. Estimation of lipid peroxidation, malindialdehyde in biochemical system. Anal. Biochem, 16, 359-367. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(66)90167-9

Platel K & Srinivasan K. 2004. Digestive stimulant action of spices: a myth or reality? IndianJournal of Medical Research, 119: 167. PMID: 15218978.

Ragaa NM, Korany RM & Mohamed FF. 2016. Effect of thyme and/or formic acid dietary supplementation on broiler performance and immunity. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 10: 270-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.064

Rahimi S, Teymori Zadeh Z, Torshizi K, Omidbaigi R & Rokni H. 2011. Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13: 527-539. Corpus ID: 32534097.

Ramakrishna Rao R, Platel K & Srinivasan K. 2003. In vitro influence of spices and spice‐active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Food/Nahrung, 47: 408-412. DOI: 10.1002/food.200390091.  

Rizvi S, Raza ST, Faizal Ahmed AA, Abbas S & Mahdi F. 2014. The role of vitamin E in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 14:157-165. PMID: 24790736

Roofchaee A, Irani M, Ebrahimzadeh MA & Akbari MR. 2011. Effect of dietary oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil on growth performance, cecal microflora and serum antioxidant activity of broiler chickens. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 6177-6183. DOI: 10.4314/ ajb.v10i32.

Roth N, Käsbohrer A, Mayrhofer S, Zitz U, Hofacre C & Domig KJ. 2019. The application of antibiotics in broiler production and the resulting antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: A global overview. Poultry Science, 98:1791-1804. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey539

Sakamoto W, Nishihira J, Fujie K, Iizuka T, Handa H, Ozaki M & Yukawa S. 1999. Effect of vitamin E on production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by macrophages. Biofactors. 10: 139-43. DOI: 10.1002/biof. 5520100209

Schmölz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S & Wallert M. 2016. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World journal of biological chemistry, 7: 14–43. DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14

Sen CK, Khanna S & Roy S. 2004. Tocotrienol: the natural vitamin E to defend the nervous system? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1031: 127-142. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1331.013

Sen S, Chakraborty R, Sridhar C, Reddy YSR & De B. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: current status and future prospect. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 3: 91-100. Corpus ID: 43825503

Sharma M, Usmani Z, Gupta VK & Bhat R. 2021. Valorization of fruits and vegetable wastes and by-products to produce natural pigments. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 1-42. DOI: 10.1080/ 07388551.2021.1873240

Srinivasan K. 2005. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 56: 399-414. DOI: 10.1080/09637480500512872

Thorup I, Würtzen G, Carstensen J & Olsen P. 1983. Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with  pulegone and menthol. Toxicology letters, 19: 207-210. DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90120-0.

Tollba AAH, Shabaan SAM & Abdel-Mageed MAA. 2010. Effects of using aromatic herbal extract and blended with organic acids on productive and physiological performance of poultry 2-the growth during cold winter stress. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 30: 229-248.

Ulloa-Aguirre A, Janovick JA, Zariñán T & Hanyaloglu AC. 2021. Intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors to the cell surface plasma membrane in health and disease. In Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease, 375-412. Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819801-8.00018-1

Van Soest PV, Robertson JB, & Lewis B. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91) 78551-2

Van TTH, Yidana Z, Smooker PM & Coloe PJ. 2020. Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: Pluses and minuses. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 20: 170-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.031

Wang J, Li JL, Li J, Li JX, Liu SJ, Huang LQ & Gao WY. 2017. Production of active compounds in medicinal plants: from plant tissue culture to biosynthesis. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 9: 115-125. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(17)60085-6

Xu YQ, Guo YW, Shi BL, Yan SM & Guo XY. 2018. Dietary Arginine supplementation enhances the growth performance and immune status of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 209: 8-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.001

Yang X, Liu Y, Yan F, Yang C & Yang X. 2019. Effects of encapsulated organic acids and essential oils on intestinal barrier, microbial count, and bacterial metabolites in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98: 2858-2865. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez031

Yang X, Xin H, Yang C & Yang X. 2018. Impact of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, digestive functions and immunity of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition, 4: 388-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.005

Youdim KA & Deans SG. 2000. Effect of thyme oil and thymol dietary supplementation on the antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of the ageing rat brain. British Journal of Nutrition, 83: 87-93. DOI: 10.1017/S000711450000012X