A Review on Enhancing Gut Health in Poultry: Probiotic Stability, Stress Management, and Encapsulation Strategies

Abd-Talib N, Hamidah Mohd-Setapar S, Kamal Khamis A, Nian-Yian L & Aziz R. 2013. Survival of encapsulated probiotics through spray drying and non-refrigerated storage for animal feeds application. Agricultural Sciences, 04(05): 78–83. DOI:10.4236/as.2013.45b015

Afzaal M, Khan AU, Saeed F, Arshad MS, Khan MA, Saeed M, Maan AA, Khan MK, Ismail Z, Ahmed A, Tufail T, Ateeq H & Anjum FM. 2020a. Survival and stability of free and encapsulated probiotic bacteria under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in ice cream. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(3): 1649–1656. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.1451

Afzaal M, Saeed F, Saeed M, Azam M, Hussain S, Mohamed AA, Alamri MS & Anjum FM. 2020b. Survival and stability of free and encapsulated probiotic bacteria under simulated gastrointestinal and thermal conditions. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 1899–1912. DOI:10.1080/10942912.2020.1826513

Ahn JB, Hwang HJ & Park JH. 2001. Physiological responses of oxygen-tolerant anaerobic Bifidobacterium longum under oxygen. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 11(3): 443–451.

Ajuwon KM. 2016. Toward a better understanding of mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics action in poultry species. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 25(2): 277–283. DOI:10.3382/japr/pfv074

Alemzadeh E & Oryan A. 2020. Application of Encapsulated Probiotics in Health Care. Journal of Experimental Pathology, 1(1): 16–21. DOI:10.33696/pathology.1.003

Amerah AM, Quiles A, Medel P, Sánchez J, Lehtinen MJ & Gracia MI. 2013. Effect of pelleting temperature and probiotic supplementation on growth performance and immune function of broilers fed maize/soy-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 180(1–4): 55–63. DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.002

Anandharaj M, Rani RP & Swain MR. 2017. Production of High-Quality Probiotics by Fermentation. In Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (Issue January 2018). DOI:10.1002/9781119048961.ch10

Bajagai YS, J.Dart P & Wayne LB. 2010. Probiotics in animal nutrition and health. In Beneficial Microbes (Vol. 1, Issue 1). DOI:10.3920/BM2008.1002

Barajas-Álvarez P, González-Ávila M & Espinosa-Andrews H. 2022. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 by spray drying and its evaluation under gastrointestinal and storage conditions. Lwt, 153(September 2021). DOI:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112485

Beales N. 2004. Adaptation of Microorganisms to Cold Temperatures, Weak Acid Preserva- tives, Low pH, and Osmotic Stress: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 3: 1–20. DOI:10.15036/arerugi.33.369

Begley M, Gahan CGM & Hill C. 2005. The interaction between bacteria and bile. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(4): 625–651. DOI:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003

Betoret E, Betoret N, Calabuig-Jiménez L, Barrera C & Dalla Rosa M. 2020. Effect of drying process, encapsulation, and storage on the survival rates and gastrointestinal resistance of l. Salivarius spp. salivarius included into a fruit matrix. Microorganisms, 8(5). DOI:10.3390/microorganisms8050654

Bischoff SC. 2011. “Gut health”: A new objective in medicine? BMC Medicine, 9(1): 24. DOI:10.1186/1741-7015-9-24

Butaye P, Devriese LA & Haesebrouck F. 2003. Antimicrobial growth promoters used in animal feed: Effects of less well known antibiotics on gram-positive bacteria. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(2): 175–188. DOI:10.1128/CMR.16.2.175-188.2003

Cabello-Olmo M, Oneca M, Torre P, Díaz JV, Encio IJ, Barajas M & Araña M. 2020. Influence of storage temperature and packaging on bacteria and yeast viability in a plant-based fermented food. Foods, 9(3). DOI:10.3390/foods9030302

Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Edrington TS, Genovese KJ, Harvey RB, Poole TL & Nisbet DJ. 2013. Novel methods for pathogen control in livestock pre-harvest: An update. In Advances in Microbial Food Safety (Vol. 1). Woodhead Publishing Limited. DOI:10.1533/9780857098740.4.275

Chavarri M, Maranon I & Carmen M. 2012. Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria. In Probiotics (pp. 501–540). DOI:10.5772/50046

Cheng W, Lu J, Li B, Lin W, Zhang Z, Wei X, Sun C, Chi M, Bi W, Yang B, Jiang A & Yuan J. 2017. Effect of functional oligosaccharides and ordinary dietary fiber on intestinal microbiota diversity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(SEP): 1–11. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01750

Condon S. 1987. Responses of lactic acid bacteria to oxygen. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 46(3): 269–280. DOI:10.1016/0378-1097(87)90112-1

Cook MT, Tzortzis G, Charalampopoulos D & Khutoryanskiy VV. 2012. Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 162(1): 56–67. DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.003

Corcoran BM, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF & Ross RP. 2005. Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolizable sugars. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(6): 3060–3067. DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.6.3060-3067.2005

Cotter PD & Hill C. 2003. Surviving the Acid Test: Responses of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Low pH. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 67(3): 429–453. DOI:10.1128/mmbr.67.3.429-453.2003

Crittenden R. 2008. Incorporating Probiotics into Foods. In Handbook of Probiotics and Prebiotics, 2nd ed (pp. 58–70). DOI:10.1002/9780470432624

de Melo Pereira GV, de Oliveira Coelho B, Magalhães Júnior AI, Thomaz-Soccol V & Soccol CR. 2018. How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria. Biotechnology Advances, 36(8): 2060–2076. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.003

Desmond C, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C, Ross RP, Al DET & Icrobiol APPLENM. 2004. Improved stress tolerance of groesl-overproducing lactococcus lactis and probiotic lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(43): 5929–5936. DOI:10.1128/AEM.70.10.5929

Ding WK & Shah NP. 2007. Acid, bile, and heat tolerance of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria. Journal of Food Science, 72(9): 446–450. DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00565.x

Dodoo CC, Wang J, Basit AW, Stapleton P & Gaisford S. 2017. Targeted delivery of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal colonisation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 530(1–2): 224–229. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.068

Dong ZL, Wang YW, Song D, Hou YJ, Wang WW, Qi WT, Yun TT & Li AK. 2016. The effects of dietary supplementation of pre-microencapsulated Enterococcus fecalis and the extract of Camellia oleifera seed on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal mucosal immune functions in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 212: 42–51. DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.014

Erttmann SF & Gekara NO. 2019. Hydrogen peroxide release by bacteria suppresses inflammasome-dependent innate immunity. Nature Communications, 10(1): 1–13. DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-11169-x

FAO/WHO. 2002. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. 1–11.

Fareez IM, Lim SM, Zulkefli NAA, Mishra RK & Ramasamy K. 2018. Cellulose Derivatives Enhanced Stability of Alginate-Based Beads Loaded with Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 against Low pH, High Temperature and Prolonged Storage. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 10(3): 543–557. DOI:10.1007/s12602-017-9284-8

Fay KT, Ford ML & Coopersmith CM. 2017. The intestinal microenvironment in sepsis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease, 1863(10): 2574–2583. DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.005

Fei Y, Chen Z, Han S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Lu Y, Berglund B, Xiao H, Li L & Yao M. 2021. Role of prebiotics in enhancing the function of next-generation probiotics in gut microbiota. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(8): 1037–1054. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2021.1958744

Feng T & Wang J. 2020. Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review. Gut Microbes, 12(1). DOI:10.1080/19490976.2020.1801944

Fenster K, Freeburg B, Hollard C, Wong C, Laursen RR & Ouwehand AC. 2019. The production and delivery of probiotics: A review of a practical approach. Microorganisms, 7(3):1–17. DOI:10.3390/microorganisms7030083

Follonier S, Panke S & Zinn M. 2012. Pressure to kill or pressure to boost: A review on the various effects and applications of hydrostatic pressure in bacterial biotechnology. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93(5): 1805–1815. DOI:10.1007/s00253-011-3854-6

Frakolaki G, Giannou V, Kekos D & Tzia C. 2021. A review of the microencapsulation techniques for the incorporation of probiotic bacteria in functional foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–22. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2020.1761773

Fritzen-Freire CB, Prudêncio ES, Amboni RDMC, Pinto SS, Negrão-Murakami AN & Murakami FS. 2012. Microencapsulation of bifidobacteria by spray drying in the presence of prebiotics. Food Research International, 45(1): 306–312. DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.09.020

Fritzen-Freire CB, Prudêncio ES, Pinto SS, Muñoz IB & Amboni RDMC. 2013. Effect of microencapsulation on survival of Bifidobacterium BB-12 exposed to simulated gastrointestinal conditions and heat treatments. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 50(1): 39–44. DOI:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.07.037

Gadde U, Kim WH, Oh ST & Lillehoj HS. 2017. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: A review. In Animal Health Research Reviews (Vol. 18, Issue 1, pp. 26–45). Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/S1466252316000207

García-Ruiz A, González de Llano D, Esteban-Fernández A, Requena T, Bartolomé B & Moreno-Arribas MV. 2014. Assessment of probiotic properties in lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. Food Microbiology, 44: 220–225. DOI:10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.015

Gbassi GK & Vandamme T. 2012. Probiotic encapsulation technology: From microencapsulation to release into the gut. Pharmaceutics, 4(1): 149–163. DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics4010149

Goderska K. 2012. Different Methods of Probiotics Stabilization. Probiotics. DOI:10.5772/50313

Golowczyc MA, Silva J, Teixeira P, De Antoni GL & Abraham AG. 2011. Cellular injuries of spray-dried Lactobacillus spp. isolated from kefir and their impact on probiotic properties. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144(3): 556–560. DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.005

Gyawali I, Paudel R, Rayamajhi K, Khan IA & Dahal G. 2021. Ecofriendly Alternatives to Antibiotics for Improving Growth Performance in Poultry. Matrix Science Pharma, 7(1): 22–26. DOI:10.4103/MTSP.MTSP_14_20

Gyawali I, Zeng Y, Zhou J, Li J, Wu T, Shu G, Jiang Q & Zhu C. 2022. Effect of novel Lactobacillus paracaesi microcapsule on growth performance, gut health and microbiome community of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 101(8): 101912. DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.101912

Gyawali I, Zhou G, Xu G, Li G, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Li J, Zhou J, Zhu C, Shu G & Jiang Q. 2023. Supplementation of microencapsulated probiotics modulates gut health and intestinal microbiota. Food Science and Nutrition, 11(8): 4547–4561. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.3414

Hamner S, McInnerney K, Williamson K, Franklin MJ & Ford TE. 2013. Bile Salts Affect Expression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Genes for Virulence and Iron Acquisition, and Promote Growth under Iron Limiting Conditions. PLoS ONE, 8(9): 1–14. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0074647

Han W, Zhang XL, Wang DW, Li LY, Liu GL, Li AK & Zhao YX. 2013. Effects of microencapsulated Enterococcus fecalis CG1.0007 on growth performance, antioxidation activity, and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 91(9): 4374–4382. DOI:10.2527/jas.2012-5956

Hasan N & Yang H. 2019. Factors affecting the composition of the gut microbiota, and its modulation. PeerJ, 8: 1–31. DOI:10.7717/peerj.7502

Heidebach T, Först P & Kulozik U. 2010. Influence of casein-based microencapsulation on freeze-drying and storage of probiotic cells. Journal of Food Engineering, 98(3): 309–316. DOI:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.003

Huyghebaert G, Ducatelle R & Immerseel FV. 2011. An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. Veterinary Journal, 187(2): 182–188. DOI:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.003

Iaconelli C, Lemetais G, Kechaou N, Chain F, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Langella P, Gervais P & Beney L. 2015. Drying process strongly affects probiotics viability and functionalities. Journal of Biotechnology, 214: 17–26. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.022

Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M & Reddy DN. 2015. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(29): 8836–8847. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787

Jantzen M, Göpel A & Beermann C. 2013. Direct spray drying and microencapsulation of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri from slurry fermentation with whey. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 115(4): 1029–1036. DOI:10.1111/jam.12293

Jha R, Das R, Oak S & Mishra P. 2020. Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review. Animals, 10: 1–18.

Jha R, Fouhse JM, Tiwari UP, Li L & Willing BP. 2019. Dietary fiber and intestinal health of monogastric animals. In Frontiers in Veterinary Science (Vol. 6, Issue MAR, pp. 1–12). DOI:10.3389/fvets.2019.00048

Jiménez-Moreno E, González-Alvarado JM, de Coca-Sinova A, Lázaro R & Mateos GG. 2009. Effects of source of fibre on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154(1–2): 93–101. DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.020

Kalia S, Bharti VK, Gogoi D, Giri A & Kumar B. 2017. Studies on the growth performance of different broiler strains at high altitude and evaluation of probiotic effect on their survivability. Scientific Reports, 7(April): 1–8. DOI:10.1038/srep46074

Kang TS, Korber DR & Tanaka T. 2013. Influence of oxygen on NADH recycling and oxidative stress resistance systems in Lactobacillus panis PM1. AMB Express, 3(1): 1–9. DOI:10.1186/2191-0855-3-10

Khan RU & Naz S. 2013. The applications of probiotics in poultry production. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 69(3): 621–632. DOI:10.1017/S0043933913000627

Kiarie EG & Mills A. 2019. Role of feed processing on gut health and function in pigs and poultry: Conundrum of optimal particle size and hydrothermal regimens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6(FEB): 1–13. DOI:10.3389/fvets.2019.00019

Kulkarni S, Haq SF, Samant S & Sukumaran S. 2018. Adaptation of Lactobacillus acidophilus to thermal stress yields a thermotolerant variant which also exhibits improved survival at pH 2. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 10(4): 717–727. DOI:10.1007/s12602-017-9321-7

Lange K, Buerger M, Stallmach A & Bruns T. 2016. Effects of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota. Digestive Diseases, 34(3): 260–268. DOI:10.1159/000443360

Lasta EL, da Silva Pereira Ronning E, Dekker RFH & da Cunha MAA. 2021. Encapsulation and dispersion of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a chocolate coating as a strategy for maintaining cell viability in cereal bars. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 1–12. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-00077-0

Lee K, Lillehoj HS & Siragusa GR. 2010. Direct-fed microbials and their impact on the intestinal microflora and immune system of chickens. Journal of Poultry Science, 47(2): 106–114. DOI:10.2141/jpsa.009096

Lemetais G, Dupont S, Beney L & Gervais P. 2012. Air-drying kinetics affect yeast membrane organization and survival. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 96(2): 471–480. DOI:10.1007/s00253-012-4014-3

Lian WC, Hsiao HC & Chou CC. 2002. Survival of bifidobacteria after spray-drying. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 74(1–2): 79–86. DOI:10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00733-4

Ma J, Xu C, Liu F, Hou J, Shao H & Yu W. 2021. Stress adaptation and cross-protection of Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0628. CYTA - Journal of Food, 19(1): 72–80. DOI:10.1080/19476337.2020.1859619

Maldonado Galdeano C, Cazorla SI, Lemme Dumit JM, Vélez E & Perdigón G. 2019. Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 74(2): 115–124. DOI:10.1159/000496426

Mandal S, Puniya AK & Singh K. 2006. Effect of alginate concentrations on survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei NCDC-298. International Dairy Journal, 16(10): 1190–1195. DOI:10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.005

Margolles A & Sánchez B. 2012. Selection of a Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain with a decreased ability to produce acetic acid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(9): 3338–3342. DOI:10.1128/AEM.00129-12

Min M, Bunt CR, Mason SL, Bennett GN & Hussain MA. 2017. Effect of non-dairy food matrices on the survival of probiotic bacteria during storage. Microorganisms, 5(3): 1–7. DOI:10.3390/microorganisms5030043

Misra S, Pandey P, Dalbhagat CG & Mishra HN. 2022a. Emerging Technologies and Coating Materials for Improved Probiotication in Food Products: a Review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15(1). DOI:10.1007/s11947-021-02753-5

Misra S, Pandey P, Dalbhagat CG & Mishra HN. 2022b. Emerging Technologies and Coating Materials for Improved Probiotication in Food Products: a Review. In Food and Bioprocess Technology (Vol. 2000, Issue 0123456789). Springer US. DOI:10.1007/s11947-021-02753-5

Mizielińska M, Sobecka K, Jarosz M, Urbański D, Stobińska M, Łukawska B, Olchawa E & Bartkowiak A. 2017. The influence of immobilization and packaging on the viability of probiotics stored at 25 °C. Wsn, 77(2): 124–143.

Mortazavian AM, Ehsani MR, Mousavi SM, Sohrabvandi S & Reinheimer JV. 2006. Combined effects of temperature-related variables on the viability of probiotic micro-organisms in yogurt. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, 61(3): 248–252.

Okumura R & Takeda K. 2017. Roles of intestinal epithelial cells in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 49(5): e338-8. DOI:10.1038/emm.2017.20

Pénicaud C, Monclus V, Perret B, Passot S & Fonseca F. 2018. Life cycle assessment of the production of stabilized lactic acid bacteria for the environmentally-friendly preservation of living cells. Journal of Cleaner Production, 184: 847–858. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.191

Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M & Gil A. 2019. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Advances in Nutrition, 10: S49–S66. DOI:10.1093/advances/nmy063

Pradipta MSI, Harimurti S & Widodo W. 2019. Feed Supplementation with Encapsulated Indigenous Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Increased Broiler Chicken Performance. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development, 36(1): 29–34. DOI:10.29037/ajstd.569

Quraishi MN, Sergeant M, Kay G, Iqbal T, Chan J, Constantinidou C, Trivedi P, Ferguson J, Adams DH, Pallen M & Hirschfield GM. 2017. The gut-adherent microbiota of PSC-IBD is distinct to that of IBD. Gut, 66(2): 386–388. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311915

Ranadheera CS, Evans CA, Adams MC & Baines SK. 2015. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Propionibacterium jensenii 702 by spray drying in goat’s milk. Small Ruminant Research, 123(1): 155–159. DOI:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.012

Rerksuppaphol S & Rerksuppaphol L. 2010. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum stored at ambient temperature are effective in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 30(4): 299–304. DOI:10.1179/146532810X12858955921159

Riaz QUA & Masud T. 2013. Recent Trends and Applications of Encapsulating Materials for Probiotic Stability. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53(3): 231–244. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2010.524953

Riaz T, Iqbal MW, Saeed M, Yasmin I, Hassanin HAM, Mahmood S & Rehman A. 2019. In vitro survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum microencapsulated in zein-coated alginate hydrogel microbeads. Journal of Microencapsulation, 36(2): 192–203. DOI:10.1080/02652048.2019.1618403

Roos YH & Livney YD. 2016. Food Engineering Series Engineering Foods for Bioactives Stability and Delivery. New York,  USA. 423 Pages.

Saarela M, Alakomi HL, Mättö J, Ahonen AM & Tynkkynen S. 2011. Acid tolerant mutants of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis with improved stability in fruit juice. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44(4): 1012–1018. DOI:10.1016/j.lwt.2010.11.004

Sabikhi L, Babu R, Thompkinson DK & Kapila S. 2010. Resistance of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus LA1 to processing treatments and simulated gut conditions. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 3(4): 586–593. DOI:10.1007/s11947-008-0135-1

Sánchez MT, Ruiz MA, Lasserrot A, Hormigo M & Morales ME. 2017. An improved ionic gelation method to encapsulate Lactobacillus spp. bacteria: Protection, survival and stability study. Food Hydrocolloids, 69: 67–75. DOI:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.01.019

Shah NP. 2000. Probiotic bacteria: Selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(4): 894–907. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74953-8

Sheehan VM, Sleator RD, Fitzgerald GF & Hill C. 2006. Heterologous expression of BetL, a betaine uptake system, enhances the stress tolerance of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(3): 2170–2177. DOI:10.1128/AEM.72.3.2170-2177.2006

Shori AB. 2017. Microencapsulation Improved Probiotics Survival During Gastric Transit. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 24(1): 1–5. DOI:10.1016/j.hjb.2016.12.008

Šipailienė A & Petraitytė S. 2018. Encapsulation of Probiotics: Proper Selection of the Probiotic Strain and the Influence of Encapsulation Technology and Materials on the Viability of Encapsulated Microorganisms. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 10(1). DOI:10.1007/s12602-017-9347-x

Sousa S, Gomes AM, Pintado MM, Malcata FX, Silva JP, Sousa JM, Costa P, Amaral MH, Rodrigues D, Rocha-Santos TAP & Freitas AC. 2012. Encapsulation of probiotic strains in plain or cysteine-supplemented alginate improves viability at storage below freezing temperatures. Engineering in Life Sciences, 12(4): 457–465. DOI:10.1002/elsc.201200007

Succi M, Tremonte P, Pannella G, Tipaldi L, Cozzolino A, Romaniello R, Sorrentino E & Coppola R. 2017. Pre-cultivation with selected prebiotics enhances the survival and the stress response of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains in simulated gastrointestinal transit. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(JUN): 1–11. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01067

Sun H, Chen Y, Zou X, Li Q, Li H, Shu Y, Li X, Li W, Han L & Ge C. 2016. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA) and lysozyme in malignant tumor patients. BioMed Research International, 8701423. DOI:10.1155/2016/8701423

Talwalkar A & Kailasapathy K. 2004. The role of oxygen in the viability of probiotic bacteria with reference to L . acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp . Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 5(March 2015): 1–8.

Tee WF, Nazaruddin R, Tan YN & Ayob MK. 2014. Effects of encapsulation on the viability of potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum exposed to high acidity condition and presence of bile salts. Food Science and Technology International, 20(6): 399–404. DOI:10.1177/1082013213488775

Terpou A, Papadaki A, Lappa IK, Kachrimanidou V, Bosnea LA & Kopsahelis N. 2019. Probiotics in food systems: significance and emerging strategies towards improved viability and delivery of enhanced beneficial value. Nutrients, 11(7). DOI:10.3390/nu11071591

Tripathi MK & Giri SK. 2014. Probiotic functional foods: Survival of probiotics during processing and storage. In Journal of Functional Foods (Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 225–241). Elsevier Ltd. DOI:10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.030

Tuomola E, Crittenden R, Playne M, Isolauri E & Salminen S. 2001. Quality assurance criteria for probiotic bacteria. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2 SUPPL.): 393–398. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.393s

Turner PV. 2018. The role of the gut microbiota on animal model reproducibility. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 1(2): 109–115. DOI:10.1002/ame2.12022

Varankovich N, Martinez MF, Nickerson MT & Korber DR. 2017. Survival of probiotics in pea protein-alginate microcapsules with or without chitosan coating during storage and in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. Food Science and Biotechnology, 26(1): 189–194. DOI:10.1007/s10068-017-0025-2

Yao M, Xie J, Du H, McClements DJ, Xiao H & Li L. 2020. Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(2): 857–874. DOI:10.1111/1541-4337.12532

Yazhini P, Visha P, Selvaraj P, Vasanthakumar P & Chandran V. 2018. Dietary encapsulated probiotic effect on broiler serum biochemical parameters. Veterinary World, 11(9): 1344–1348. DOI:10.14202/vetworld.2018.1344-1348

Yoha KS, Nida S, Dutta S, Moses JA & Anandharamakrishnan C. 2022. Targeted Delivery of Probiotics: Perspectives on Research and Commercialization. In Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (Vol. 14, Issue 1). Springer US. DOI:10.1007/s12602-021-09791-7

Yue B, Yu ZL, Lv C, Geng XL, Wang ZT & Dou W. 2020. Regulation of the intestinal microbiota: An emerging therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 26(30): 4378–4393. DOI:10.3748/WJG.V26.I30.4378

Zeashan M, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Ahmed A, Tufail T, Ahmed A & Anjum FM. 2020. Survival and behavior of free and encapsulated probiotic bacteria under simulated human gastrointestinal and technological conditions. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(5): 2419–2426. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.1531

Zhang L, Li J, Yun TT, Qi WT, Liang XX, Wang YW & Li AK. 2015. Effects of pre-encapsulated and pro-encapsulated Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, blood characteristics, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 94(11): 2821–2830. DOI:10.3382/ps/pev262

Zhao G & Zhang G. 2005. Effect of protective agents, freezing temperature, rehydration media on viability of malolactic bacteria subjected to freeze-drying. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(2): 333–338. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02587.x

Zheng D, Liwinski T & Elinav E. 2020. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Research, 30(6): 492–506. DOI:10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7