Effect of Excess Dietary Tryptophan on Performance, Plasma Hormone Levels and Immune Function of Broiler Chickens Reared Under Hot and Humid Summer Conditions

Adams O, Besken K, Oberdorfer C, MacKenzie CR, Takikawa O & Daubener W. 2004. Role of indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase in alpha/beta and gamma interferon-mediated antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus infections. Journal of Virology, 78(5): 2632-2636. DOI: 10.1128/JVI. 78.5.2632-2636.2004.

Austic RE. 1985. Feeding poultry in hot and cold climates. Stress physiology in livestock, 123-136. DOI: 10.5555/19861479707

Aviagen R. 2012. "308 BROILER: Nutrition Specification." Scotland, UK: 8.

Azad MAK, Kikusato M, Sudo S, Amo T & Toyomizu M. 2010. Time course of ROS production in skeletal muscle mitochondria from chronic heat-exposed broiler chicken.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 157(3): 266-271. DOI: 10.1016/j. cbpa.2010.07.011

Badakhshan Y, Emadi L, Esmaeili-Mahani S & Nazifi S. 2021. The effect of L-tryptophan on the food intake, rectal temperature, and blood metabolic parameters of 7-day-old chicks during feeding, fasting, and acute heat stress. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 22(1): 55. DOI: 10.22099/IJVR.2020.37266.5428

Balnave D & Oliva AG. 1991. The influence of sodium bicarbonate and sulfur amino acids on the performance of broilers at moderate and high temperaures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(8): 1385-1397. DOI: 10.1071/ AR9911385

Beckford RC, Ellestad LE, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Farley L, Brady K, Angel R, Liu HC & Porter TE. 2020. Effects of heat stress on performance, blood chemistry, and hypothalamic and pituitary mRNA expression in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 99(12): 6317-6325. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.052

Bello A, Idrus Z, Yong Meng G, Awad EA & Soleimani Farjam A. 2018. Gut microbiota and transportation stress response affected by tryptophan supplementation in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(1): 107-113. DOI: 10.1080/ 1828051X.2017.1340814

Bird HR. 1955. “Performance index” of growing chickens. Poultry Science, 34(5): 1163-1164. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0341163

Brake J. 1998. Optimum dietary arginine: lysine ratio for broiler chickens is altered during heat stress in association with changes in intestinal uptake and dietary sodium chloride. British Poultry Science, 39(5): 639-647. DOI: 10.1080 /00071669888511

Bujatti M & Biederer P. 1976. Serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine metabolites in transcendental meditation-technique. Journal of Neural Transmission, 39(3): 257-267. DOI: 10.1007/ BF01256514

Carew Jr LB, Alster FA, Foss DC & Scanes CG. 1983. Effect of a tryptophan deficiency on thyroid gland, growth hormone and testicular functions in chickens. The Journal of Nutrition, 113(9):1756-1765. DOI: 10.1093/jn/113.9.1756

Carrillo-Vico A, Guerrero JM, Lardone PJ & Reiter RJ. 2005. A review of the multiple actions of melatonin on the immune system. Endocrine, 27: 189-200. DOI: 10.1385/ENDO:27:2:189

Chen F, Reheman A, Cao J, Wang Z, Dong Y, Zhang Y & Chen Y. 2016. Effect of melatonin on monochromatic light-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation in the thymus of chickens. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 161: 9-16. DOI: 10.1016/j. jphotobiol. 2016.05.001

Corzo A, Kidd MT, Thaxton JP & Kerr BJ. 2005. Dietary tryptophan effects on growth and stress responses of male broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 46(4): 478-484. DOI: 10.1080/ 00071660500157974

Darras VM, Visser TJ, Berghman LR & Kühn ER. 1992. Ontogeny of type I and type III deiodinase activities in embryonic and posthatch chicks: relationship with changes in plasma triiodothyronine and growth hormone levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology--Part A: Physiology, 103(1): 131-136.

Dávila SG, Campo JL, Gil MG, Prieto MT & Torres O. 2011. Effects of auditory and physical enrichment on 3 measurements of fear and stress (tonic immobility duration, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and fluctuating asymmetry) in several breeds of layer chicks. Poultry Science, 90(11): 2459-2466. DOI: 10.3382/ps. 2011-01595

Duncan DB. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42. DOI: 10.2307/ 3001478

Emadi M, Jahanshiri F, Kaveh K, Hair-Bejo M, Ideris A & Alimon AR. 2011. Nutrition and immunity: the effects of the combination of arginine and tryptophan on growth performance, serum parameters and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease vaccine. Avian Pathology, 40(1): 63-72. DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.539590

Emadi M, Jahanshiri F, Kaveh K, Hair-Bejo M, Ideris A & Alimon R. 2010. Tryptophan stimulates immune response in broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease vaccine. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(3): 610-616. DOI: 10.5555/20103116282

Erwan E, Tomonaga S, Yoshida J, Nagasawa M, Ogino Y, Denbow DM & Furuse M. 2012. Central administration of L-and D-aspartate attenuates stress behaviors by social isolation and CRF in neonatal chicks. Amino Acids, 43: 1969-1976. DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1272-4

Fouad AM, El‐Senousey HK, Ruan D, Wang S, Xia W & Zheng C. 2021. Tryptophan in poultry nutrition: Impacts and mechanisms of action. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 105(6): 1146-1153. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13515

Geraert PA, Padilha JCF & Guillaumin S. 1996. Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heatexposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention. British Journal of Nutrition, 75(2): 195-204. DOI: 10.1017/BJN19960124

Gershoff SN, Gill III TJ, Simonian SJ & Steinberg AI. 1968. Some effects of amino acid deficiencies on antibody formation in the rat. The Journal of Nutrition, 95(2): 184-190. DOI: 10.1093/jn /95.2.184

Guo Q, Dong Y, Cao J, Wang Z, Zhang Z & Chen Y. 2015. Developmental changes of melatonin receptor expression in the spleen of the chicken, Gallus domesticus. Acta Histochemica, 117(6): 559-565. DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.05.002

Habashy WS, Milfort MC, Adomako K, Attia YA, Rekaya R & Aggrey SE. 2017. Effect of heat stress on amino acid digestibility and transporters in meat-type chickens. Poultry Science, 96(7): 2312-2319. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex027

Habibian M, Ghazi S, Moeini MM & Abdolmohammadi A. 2014. Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on immune response and biological blood parameters of broilers reared under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology, 58: 741-752. DOI: 10.1007/ s00484-013-0654-y

Harms RH & Russell GB. 2000. Evaluation of tryptophan requirement of the commercial layer by using a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Poultry Science, 79(5): 740-742. DOI: 10.1093/ps/ 79.5.740

Huang Y, Yang J, Xiao F, Lloyd K & Lin X. 2016. Effects of supplemental chromium source and concentration on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broilers under heat stress conditions. Biological Trace Element Research, 170: 216-223. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0443-z

Huston TM & Carmon JL. 1962. The influence of high environmental temperature on thyroid size of domestic fowl. Poultry Science, 41(1): 175-179. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0410175

Khazali H, Parhiskar A & Jafari K. 2005. Effect of serotonin infusions on the mean plasma concentrations of growth hormone, thyroid hormones and the amount and constituents of milk in the Sanan goat. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(12).

Kidd MT. 2004. Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers. Poultry Science, 83(4): 650-657. DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.4.650

Kollmann MT, Locher M, Hirche F, Eder K, Meyer HHD & Bruckmaier RM. 2008. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on plasma tryptophan and related hormone levels in heifers and dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 34(1): 14-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.09.005

Koopmans SJ, Ruis M, Dekker R, van Diepen H, Korte M & Mroz Z. 2005. Surplus dietary tryptophan reduces plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations and enhances recovery after social stress in pigs. Physiology & Behavior, 85(4): 469-478. DOI: 10.1016/j. physbeh.2005.05.010

Lara LJ & Rostagno MH. 2013. Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animals, 3(2): 356-369. DOI: 10.3390/ani3020356

Liu Y, Yuan JM, Zhang LS, Zhang YR, Cai SM, Yu JH & Xia ZF. 2015. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality of ducks under high stocking density. Poultry Science, 94(8): 1894-1901. DOI: 10.3382 /ps/pev15

Loyau T, Bedrani L, Berri C, Métayer-Coustard S, Praud C, Coustham V, Mignon-Grasteau S, Duclos MJ, Tesseraud S, Rideau N & Hennequet-Antier C. 2015. Cyclic variations in incubation conditions induce adaptive responses to later heat exposure in chickens: a review. Animal, 9(1): 76-85. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731114001931

Lucas AM. 1961. Atlas of avian hematology (Vol. 25). US Department of Agriculture.

Marquardt WW, Snyder DB, Savage PK, Kadavil SK & Yancey FS. 1985. Antibody response to Newcastle disease virus given by two different routes as measured by ELISA and hemagglutination-inhibition test and associated tracheal immunity. Avian Diseases, 71-79. DOI: 10.2307/1590695

Martin C, Duclos M, Aguerre S, Mormede P, Manier G & Chaoulof F. 2000. Corticotropic and serotonergic responses to acute stress with/without prior exercise training in different rat strains. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 168(3): 421-430. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x. 2000.00683.x

National Research Council (NRC). 1994. Nutrient requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Pinchasov Y, Fancher BI, Burke WH & Jensen LS. 1989. Glycolic acid and tryptophan effects on feed intake and hypothalamic indoleamines in chicks. Physiology & Behavior, 45(3): 585-589. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90077-2

Qaid MM & Al-Garadi MA. 2021. Protein and amino acid metabolism in poultry during and after heat stress: A review. Animals, 11(4): 1167. DOI: 10.3390/ani11041167

Quinteiro-Filho WM, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Sakai M, Sá LRMD, Ferreira AJP & Palermo-Neto J. 2010. Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 89(9): 1905-1914. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00812

Rabii J, Buonomo F & Scanes CG. 1981. Role of serotonin in the regulation of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the domestic fowl. Journal of Endocrinology, 90(3): 355-358. DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.0900355

Rajaei-Sharifabadi H, Greene E, Piekarski A, Falcon D, Ellestad L, Donoghue A, Bottje W, Porter T, Liang Y & Dridi S. 2017. Surface wetting strategy prevents acute heat exposure–induced alterations of hypothalamic stress–and metabolic-related genes in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 95(3): 1132-1143. DOI: 10.2527/ jas.2016.1290

Richards JD, Atwell CA, Vazquez-Anon M & Dibner JJ. 2005. Comparative in vitro and in vivo absorption of 2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio) butanoic acid and methionine in the broiler chicken. Poultry Science, 84(9): 1397-1405. DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.9.1397

Rosebrough RW. 1996. Crude protein and supplemental dietary tryptophan effects on growth and tissue neurotransmitterlevels in the broiler chicken. British Journal of Nutrition, 76(1): 87-96. DOI: 10.1079/BJN19960011

Sahin K, Sahin N & Yaralioglu S. 2002. Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation, blood serum metabolites, and mineral concentrations of laying hens reared at high ambient temperature. Biological Trace Element Research, 85: 35-45. DOI: 10.1385/BTER:85:1:35

SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2015. SAS/stat users guide, version 9.4. SAS Institute Inc.

Savard P, Blanchard LM, Mérand Y & Dupont A. 1984. Serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and substance P content of discrete brain nuclei in rats made hypo-or hyperthyroid in the neonatal period: effect of growth hormone treatment. Developmental Brain Research, 15(2): 239-245. DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(84)90101-9

Savard P, Merand Y, Di Paolo T & Dupont A. 1983. Effects of thyroid state on serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and substance P contents in discrete brain nuclei of adult rats. Neuroscience, 10(4): 1399-1404. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90121-5

Shea MM, Mench JA & Thomas OP. 1990. The effect of dietary tryptophan on aggressive behavior in developing and mature broiler breeder males. Poultry Science, 69(10): 1664-1669. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0691664

Shen YB, Voilqué G, Kim JD, Odle J & Kim SW. 2012a. Effects of increasing tryptophan intake on growth and physiological changes in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 90(7): 2264-2275. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4203

Shen YB, Voilqué G, Odle J & Kim SW. 2012b. Dietary L-tryptophan supplementation with reduced large neutral amino acids enhances feed efficiency and decreases stress hormone secretion in nursery pigs under social-mixing stress. The Journal of Nutrition, 142(8): 1540-1546. DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.163824

Yahav S & McMurtry JP. 2001. Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life—the effect of timing and ambient temperaturey. Poultry Science, 80(12): 1662-1666. DOI: 10.1093 /ps/80.12.1662

Yue Y, Guo Y & Yang Y. 2017. Effects of dietary L-tryptophan supplementation on intestinal response to chronic unpredictable stress in broilers. Amino Acids, 49: 1227-1236. DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2424-3

Zendehdel M, Hamidi F, Babapour V, Mokhtarpouriani K & Fard RMN. 2012. The effect of melanocortin (Mc3 and Mc4) antagonists on serotonin-induced food and water intake of broiler cockerels. Journal of Veterinary Science, 13(3): 229-234. DOI: 10.4142/ jvs.2012.13.3.229