Ahmadi, F., Ghasemi, E., Alikhani, M., & Akbarian Tefaghi, M. (2022). Effect of Group and Individual breeding on performance, blood parameters, ruminal fermentation, behavior and health of dairy calves. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 14(3): 317-331. (In Persian). DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.2021.71006.1030

Araujo, R. C., Pires, A. V., Susin, I., Mendes, C. Q., Rodrigues, G. H., Packer, I. U. & Eastridge, M, L. (2008). Milk yield, milk composition, eating behavior, and lamb performance of ewes fed diets containing soybean hulls replacing coastcross (Cynodon species) hay. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 3511-3521. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0940

Babu, L. K., Pandey, H. N., & Sahoo, A. (2004). Effect of individual versus group rearing on ethological and physiological responses of crossbred calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 87(3-4): 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.01.006.

Bernal-Rigoli, J. C., Allen, J. D., Marchello, J. A., Cuneo, S. P., Garcia, S. R., Xie, G., Hall, L. W., Burrows, C. D., & Duff, G. C. (2012). Effects of housing and feeding systems on performance of neonatal Holstein bull calves. Journal of Animal Science, 90(8): 2818-2825. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4722.

Bučková, K., Šárová, R., Moravcsíková, Á., & Špinka, M. (2021). The effect of pair housing on dairy calf health, performance, and behavior. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(9): 10282-10290. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19968.

Chua, B., Coenen, E., Van Delen, J., & Weary, D. M. (2002). Effects of pair versus individual housing on the behavior and performance of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(2): 360-364. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74082-4.

Cobb, C. J., Obeidat, B. S., Sellers, M. D., Pepper-Yowell, A. R., & Ballou, M. A. (2014). Group housing of Holstein calves in a poor indoor environment increases respiratory disease but does not influence performance or leukocyte responses. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(5): 3099-3109. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7823.

Costa, J. H. C., Meagher, R. K., Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2015). Early pair housing increases solid feed intake and weight gains in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(9): 6381-6386. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9395.

Duve, L. R., Weary, D. M., Halekoh, U., & Jensen, M. B. (2012). The effects of social contact and milk allowance on responses to handling, play, and social behavior in young dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(11): 6571- 6581. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5170.

Ghoorchi, T & Asadi, Y. (2011). Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals. Publications of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 524 pages (Translation). (In Persian).

Grant, R. J., Colenbrander, V. F., & Mertens, D. R. 1990. Milk fat depression in dairy cows: role of particle size of alfalfa hay. Journal of Dairy Science, 73: 1823-1833. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78862-5

Hepola, H., Hänninen, L., Pursiainen, P., Tuure, V. M., Syrjälä-Qvist, L., Pyykkönen, M., & Saloniemi, H. (2006). Feed intake and oral behaviour of dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings. Livestock Science, 105(1-3): 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.04.033.

Hossseinabadi, M., Ghoorchi, T., & Toghdory, A (2022). Evaluation of the effect of replacing potato plants on performance, digestibility, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters in Dalagh ewes. Journal of Animal Science, 32(4): 43-60. (In Persian). DOI: 10.22034/AS.2021.44791.1608

Hötzel, M. J., Longo, C., Balcao, L. F., Cardoso, C. S., & Costa, J. H. (2014). A survey of management practices that influence performance and welfare of dairy calves reared in southern Brazil. PLoS One, 9(12): e114995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114995.

Jensen, M. B., Duve, L. R., & Weary, D. M. (2015). Pair housing and enhanced milk allowance increase play behavior and improve performance in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(4): 2568-2575. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8272.

Liu, S., Ma, J., Li, J., Alugongo, G. M., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Li, S., & Cao, Z. (2019). Effects of pair versus individual housing on performance, health, and behavior of dairy calves. Animals, 10(1): 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010050.

Mertens, D. R. 1997. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy Cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 80: 1463-1481.

Miller-Cushon, E. K., & DeVries, T. J. (2016). Effect of social housing on the development of feeding behavior and social feeding preferences of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(2): 1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9869.

Miller-Cushon, E. K., & DeVries, T. J. (2016). Effect of social housing on the development of feeding behavior and social feeding preferences of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(2): 1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9869.

Kromann, R. P., Finkner, M. D., & Sharp, J. E. (1971). Group feeding vs. individual feeding of lambs. Journal of Dairy Science,32 (3): 549-553.  https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.323549x

NRC. 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. Sheep, Goats, Cervids and New World Camelids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Pempek, J. A., Eastridge, M. L., Swartzwelder, S. S., Daniels, K. M., & Yohe, T. T. (2016). Housing system may affect behavior and growth performance of Jersey heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(1): 569-578. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10088.

SAS. (2003). Qualification tools user’s guide. SAS 9.1. Cary (NC): SAS Institute.

Svensson, C., & Liberg, P. (2006). The effect of group size on health and growth rate of Swedish dairy calves housed in pens with automatic milk-feeders. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 73(1): 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.021.

Tapki, İ. (2007). Effects of individual or combined housing systems on behavioural and growth responses of dairy calves. Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A, 57(2): 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700701464405.

Terré, M., Bach, A., & Devant, M. (2006). Performance and behaviour of calves reared in groups or individually following an enhanced-growth feeding program. Journal of Dairy Research, 73(4): 480-486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029906002019.

Van keulen, J. V., & Young, B. A. (1977). Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. Journal of Animal Science, 44282. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1977.442282x

Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminants. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. steers. Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports. 67A: 72-74.

Vieira, A. D. P., Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2010). Effects of pair versus single housing on performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(7): 3079- 3085. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2516.

Vieira, A. D. P., Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2012). Presence of an older weaned companion influences feeding behavior and improves performance of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(6): 3218-3224. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4821.

Vinay Agarwal, B. G. (1997). Examination stress: Changes in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 41(4): 404-408.