آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 14 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 682 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,081 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 10,980,315 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 10,049,893 |
Designing and Manufacturing a Portable Rainfall Simulator | ||
| Environmental Resources Research | ||
| دوره 10، شماره 1، فروردین 2022، صفحه 93-104 اصل مقاله (582.57 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22069/ijerr.2022.18901.1333 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| sima Mohammadi* 1؛ Arian Amini2؛ Amin Salesi3؛ Mohammadreza Ahmadi3؛ Mostafa Badiei4؛ Mahbobe Jalali5 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran, | ||
| 2BSc student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran | ||
| 3BSc student Mechanical Engineering Department, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran | ||
| 4BSc student Mechanical Engineering Department, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran, | ||
| 5Assistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Rain simulation is a method widely used in detecting hydrological and erosional processes. Most portable samples have inconvenient and challenging transport, high water consumption, and energy supply. The objective of this study was to design and test a rainfall simulator characterized by the following innovative features: 1) The simulator is easy to be transported and assembled in the field, thereby allowing the necessary experimental replicates, 2) Applicability on different slopes. The first calibration step regarded the spatial distribution of rainfall, the stability of the rainfall intensity, and the reproducibility of the rainfall intensities over time (among successive experiments). Next, the drop size distribution (DSD) and the related rainfall characteristics (median volumetric drop diameter D50 and mean kinetic energy per unit area and unit depth) were evaluated by the flour pellet method. A fluorescent tracer method is used to measure the velocity of falling drops. According to the findings, the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (Cu) of this rainfall simulator varies from 77-87% for rainfall intensities of 35-75 mmh-1. The best rainfall distribution has been achieved for rainfall intensities of 55 and 75 mmh-1, with rain droplet sizes ranging from 0.6 to 3.8 mm. The raindrop velocity was also measured by photo-shooting and revealed a velocity rate of 2.7-5.7 ms-1. The system allows rainfall simulation on the fields and under laboratory conditions. Moreover, erosion, runoff, and sediment production under natural and intact soil conditions can also be examined with the highest possible accuracy | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Drop size distribution؛ Rainfall intensity؛ Rainfall kinetic energy؛ Simulated rainfall؛ Raindrop velocity | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Bowyer-Bower, T.A., and Burt, T.P. 1989. Rainfall simulators for investigating soil responce to rainfall. Soil Technology. 1-16.
Cerda, A., and Jurgensen, M. 2011. Ant mounds as a source of sediment on citrus orchard plantations in eastern Spain. A three-scale rainfall simulation approach. Catena. 231-236.
Cerda, A., Ackermann, O., Terol, E., and Rodrigo-Comino, J. 2019. Impact of farmland abandonment on water resources and soil conservation in citrus plantations in Eastern Spain. Water. 824.
Cerda, A. 1997. Rainfall drop siza distribution in the Western Mediterranean basin, Valencia spain. Catena. 30 (2-3), 169-182.
Christiansen, J.E. 1942. Irrigation by sprinkling. California: University of California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin .
Clarke, M., and Walsh, R.P. 2007. A portable rainfall simulator for field assessment of splash and slopewash in remote locations. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2052-2069.
Cruvinel, P., Vieira, S.R., Crestana, S., Minatel, E.R., Mucheroni, M.L., and Neto, A.T. 1999. Image processing in automated measurements of raindrop size and distribution. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 205-217.
Eigel, J., and Moore, I. 1983. A simplified technique for measuring raindrop size and distribution . Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1079-1084.
Fernandez-Galvez, J., Barahone, E., and Mingorance, M. D. 2008. Measurment of infiltration in small field plots by a portable rainfall simulator: Application to Trace-Element mobility. Water Air Soil Pollution. 257-264.
Gao, L., Bowker, M., Sun, H., Zhao, J., and Zhao, Y. 2020. Linkages between biocrust development and water erosion and implications for erosion model implementation. Geoderma. 113973.
Hudson, N. 1963. Raindrop size distribution in high intensity storms. Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1-16.
Kato, H., Onda, Y., Tanaka, Y., and Asano, M. 2009. Field measurment of infiltration rate using an oscillating nozzle rainfall simulator in the cold, semiarid geassland of Mongolia. Catena. 173-181.
Kavian, A., Gholami, L., and Mohammadi, M. 2018. Impact of Wheat Residue on Soil Erosion Processes. Notulae Botanica Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 553-562.
Kavian, A., Mohammadi, M., Cerda, A., Fallah, M., and Gholami, L. 2019. Design, manufacture and calibration of the SARI portable rainfall simulator for field and laboratory experiments. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 350-360.
Kinnell, P. I. 2016. A review of the design and operation of runoff and soil loss plots. Catena. 257-265.
Lassu, T., Seeger, M., Peters, P., and Keesstra, S.D. 2015. The Wagwningen rainfall simulator: set-up and calibration of an indoor nozzle-type rainfall simulator for soil erosion studies. Land Degradation and Development. 604-612.
Laws, J. O., and Parsons, D. A. 1943. The relation of raindrop size to intensity. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting Transactions of American Geophysical Union, (pp. 452-460).
Lepmert, W., Magee, K., Ronney, P., Gee, K., and Haugland, R. 1995. Flow taggingvelocimetry in incompressible flowusing photo-activated nonintrusive tracking of molecular motion (PHANTOMM). Experimental in Fluids. 249-257.
Loch, R., and Foley, J. 1994. Measurment of aggregate breakdown under rain comparison with tests of water stability and relationships with field measurments of infiltration. Soil Research. 701-720.
Lora, M., Camporese, M., and Salandin, P. 2016. Design and performance of a nozzle type rainfall simulator for landslide triggering experiments. Catena. 77-89.
Lv, J., Luo, H., and Xie, Y. 2019. Effects of rock fragment content, size and cover on soil erosion dynamics of spoil heaps through multiple rainfall events. Catena, 179-189.
Mahmoodabadi, M., Rouhipour, H., Asadi, H., and Iranajad, M. 2007. Intensity calibration of SCWMRI rainfaall and erosion simulator, Journal of Watershed Management Science Engineering. 39-50.
McIsaac, G. 1990. Apparent geographic and atmospheric influences on raindrop sizes and rainfall kinetic energy. Journal Soil Water Conservation. 663-666.
Mhaske, S.N., Pathak, K., and Basak, A. 2019. Acomprehensive design of rainfall simulator for the assessment of soil erosion in the laboratory. Catena. 408-420.
Moazed, H., Bavi, A., Boroomand-Nasab, S., Naseri, A., and Albaji, M. 2010. Effects of climatic and hydraulic parameters on water uniformity coefficient in solid set systems. Journal Applied Science. 1792-1796.
Mohammadi, S., Homaee, M., and Sadeghi, S.H. 2018. Runoff and sediment behavior from soil plots contaminated with kerosene and gasoil. Soil and Tillage Research. 1-9.
Sadeghi, S.H., Abdollahi, Z., and Darvishan, A. 2013. Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating natural raindrop size distribution on the south coast of the Caspian sea, Iran. Hydrology Sciences Journal. 1382-1374.
Safari, A., Kavian, A., Parsakhoo, A., Saleh, I., and Jordan, A. 2016. Impact of different parts of kids trails on runoff and soil erosion in the Hyrcanian forest (northern Iran). Geoderma. 161-167.
Salem, H., and Meselhy, A. 2020. A portable rainfall simulator to evaluate the factors affecting soil erosion in the northwestern coastal zone of Egypt. Natural Hazards. 20-40.
Shojaei, S., Kalantar, Z., and Rodrigo-Comino, J. 2020. Prediction of factors affecting activation of soil erosion by mathematical modeling at pedon scale under laboratory conditions. Scientific Reports. 1-11.
Vaezi, A., Eslami, S., and Keesstra, S. 2018. Interrill erodibility in relation to aggregate size class in a semi-arid soil under simulated rainfalls. Catena. 385-398.
Van Dijk, A., Bruijnzeel, L., and Rosewell, C. 2002. Rainfall intensity-kinetic energy relationships: a critical literature appraisal. Journal of Hydrology. 1-23.
Vergin, L., Todisco, F., amd Vinci, A. 2018. Setup and calibration of rainfall simulator of the Mass experimental station for soil erosion studies. Catena. 448-455.
Wu, X., Wei, Y., Cai, C., Yuan, Z., Liao, Y., and Li, D. 2020. Effect of erosion- induced land degradation on effective sediment size characteristics in sheet erosion. Catena. 1-15.
You, C., Lee, D., Kang, M., and Kim, H. 2016. Classification of rain types using drop size distribution and polarimetric radar: case study of a 2014-flooding event in korea. Atmospheric Research. 211-219.
Yu, J., Yu, H., and Huang, X. 2015. Mobilization and distribution of lead originating from roof dust and wet deposition in a roof runoff system. Environment Science Pollution Research Inte. 40-50.
Zhang, X. 2019. Determining and modelingdominant processes of interill soil erosion. Water Resource Research. 4-20 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 437 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 270 |
||
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب